The UCL bioassay shows a limit of detection (LOD) of AFP down to 20 pg mL –1 (290 fM), which is the lowest among luminescent bioassays of AFP ever reported, and a 30-fold improvement relative to that of the commercial dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay kit. By utilizing the CSS NPs as red luminescent nanoprobes, we demonstrate the successful UCL and DSL bioassays of a typical hepatic carcinoma biomarker, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), in human serum samples. Herein, we report a rational core–shell–shell (CSS) design strategy to construct Eu 3+-activated NaGdF 4 CSS NPs functionalized with efficient UCL and dissolution-enhanced DSL of Eu 3+ for in vitro tumor marker detection and tumor-targeted imaging. However, the exploration of Eu 3+-doped NPs as red luminescent bioprobes particularly combined with DSL and UCL of Eu 3+ hitherto remains untouched.
Trivalent europium (Eu 3+) doped inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), emerging as a new class of red luminescent nanoprobes, have shown great promise in bioapplications as diverse as luminescent bioassays and disease theranostics owing to their superior optical properties such as long-lived downshifting luminescence (DSL) and upconverting luminescence (UCL).
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